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Longevityphase_2_3

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

Elamipretide
Longevity · CAS 736992-21-5
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Category
Longevity
Evidence grade
B
PubMed records
458
Female-tagged
87
Sex-analysis
2
CAS
736992-21-5
B
Evidence grade B, Phase 2/3 human trial evidence across 458 indexed studies (mixed-sex). How grades work →
Female evidence: Extrapolated
SS-31 (Elamipretide): of 458 PubMed records, 87 are tagged as including female subjects and 2 carry a sex-analysis tag.Counts reflect PubMed records as of 2026-07-21. “Female” uses the Female MeSH filter and “sex-analysis” the Sex Factors MeSH filter, automated proxies pending manual study-level review. Methodology →

Overview

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide and a well-established tool compound in bioenergetics research. Its short, cell-permeant structure accumulates at the inner mitochondrial membrane, giving it a distinctive research-friendly profile for studying cellular energy metabolism.

In vitro and in preclinical systems, SS-31 has been studied for its selective binding to cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, where investigators examine effects on electron-transport efficiency, membrane stability, and reactive-oxygen-species dynamics. It is widely used to model mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative-stress mechanisms, and the preservation of cellular energy in aging- and injury-related research.

Supplied for in-vitro and laboratory research only, SS-31 is a valuable longevity-catalog entry because it engages a precisely defined mitochondrial target. Whether these mechanisms translate to female physiology remains an open research question; our evidence review tracks how many of the underlying studies included women.

Summary

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting peptide studied in multiple Phase 2/3 trials for primary mitochondrial myopathy, Barth syndrome, heart failure, and dry age-related macular degeneration, several of which did not meet their primary endpoints. Trials have enrolled women, but outcomes have not been analyzed by sex and none target female-specific physiology.

Evidence in women

Menstrual cycle
Unstudied
No study examined mitochondrial-function endpoints across the menstrual cycle.
Pregnancy & lactation
Unstudied
No pregnancy or lactation safety data from the trial program.
Hormonal interactions
Unstudied
No data on interactions with reproductive or thyroid hormones.
Perimenopause & menopause
Unstudied
No perimenopause- or menopause-specific analyses, though some trial populations included older women.
Sex differences
Unstudied
Women were enrolled across the trial program, but published results were not analyzed by sex.

Mechanism

Concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin, aiming to stabilize cristae, improve electron transport, and reduce reactive-oxygen production.

Reported dosing & routes

◐

We don't give dosing or medical advice. The figures below describe what was used in published research, not a recommendation. Decide with your clinician.

Reported range (literature)40 mg/day subcutaneous in several Phase 2/3 trials; investigational, not approved.
Routessubcutaneous, intravenous
Female-specific dosingNot established

Contraindications: insufficient data to characterize

Side effects

Reported in the research literature. Sex-specific incidence has not been separately analysed in the available records.

injection-site reactions

SS-31 (Elamipretide) reconstitution calculator

Enter this vial's amount, the bacteriostatic water you add, and a target amount to get the concentration and the U-100 syringe units to draw. Handling arithmetic for research use, not a dose recommendation.

Reconstitution

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Draw for SS-31 (Elamipretide)

5
units on a U-100 insulin syringe
020406080100
U-100 insulin syringe — 1 mL = 100 units
That's 0.05 mL drawn to the 5-unit mark.
Concentration5 mg/mL (5,000 mcg/mL)
Volume to draw0.05 mL
Doses per vial40

Reference chart at 5 mg/mL

Target amountVolume (mL)U-100 units
100 mcg0.02 mL2
250 mcg0.05 mL5
500 mcg0.1 mL10
750 mcg0.15 mL15
1000 mcg0.2 mL20

Research-use arithmetic only. This tool converts a vial amount, diluent volume, and a target amount into a concentration and syringe draw for laboratory handling. It is not dosing guidance, a recommendation, or a claim of safety or efficacy, and it does not account for overfill, dead space, or peptide purity. Nothing here is medical advice. “U-100” means 100 units = 1 mL; confirm your syringe graduation before measuring. See the reconstitution & storage handbook for handling detail.

Frequently asked questions

Answers drawn only from SS-31 (Elamipretide)'s research facts and, where reviewed, its sex-disaggregated evidence. Nothing here is medical advice, dosing, or a claim of safety or efficacy.

What is SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

SS-31 (Elamipretide), also known as Elamipretide, is a research compound in our longevity category. SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting peptide studied in multiple Phase 2/3 trials for primary mitochondrial myopathy, Barth syndrome, heart failure, and dry age-related macular degeneration, several of which did not meet their primary endpoints.

Is SS-31 (Elamipretide) studied in women?

SS-31 (Elamipretide): of 458 PubMed records, 87 are tagged as including female subjects and 2 carry a sex-analysis tag. We grade this extrapolated: women appear in the record, but no study is tagged for a sex-specific analysis, so female-relevant conclusions are inferred from mixed or male data rather than measured in women. See our methodology.

Has SS-31 (Elamipretide) been studied during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

Unstudied. No pregnancy or lactation safety data from the trial program. This is not a safety clearance or a recommendation. Vera, our research chat, deliberately hard-stops on pregnancy, breastfeeding, and trying-to-conceive questions rather than answer them.

What evidence grade does SS-31 (Elamipretide) have, and why?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) carries evidence grade B. Phase 2/3 human trial evidence across 458 indexed studies (mixed-sex).. Grades are derived from the research record, never hand-assigned; see how grades work.

Is there a female-specific dose for SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

No. A female-specific dose for SS-31 (Elamipretide) is not established, and this site does not provide dosing or medical advice. Any figures we show describe what published research used, not a recommendation. Decide anything about use with a qualified clinician.

How is SS-31 (Elamipretide) administered in research?

In the published literature, SS-31 (Elamipretide) is administered via subcutaneous, intravenous. Reported dose ranges on the Dosing tab describe what studies used for laboratory research, not a protocol for people. We don't provide dosing.

What side effects have been reported for SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

Effects reported in the research literature include injection-site reactions. Sex-specific incidence has not been separately analysed in the available records, so these are not broken out for women.

What is the CAS number for SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

The CAS registry number for SS-31 (Elamipretide) is 736992-21-5. It is also referred to as Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131. Use it to confirm identity against a Certificate of Analysis.

How should SS-31 (Elamipretide) be stored and handled?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) sold for research is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. Lyophilized peptides are generally kept cold and dry, at roughly -20°C for longer-term storage and 2-8°C short-term, protected from light. Once reconstituted they are typically refrigerated and used within a short window, avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles. This is general laboratory handling for research use only, not a directive for human use. Always follow the handling and purity details on the product's Certificate of Analysis.

Where can I buy SS-31 (Elamipretide) for research?

For laboratory research use, SS-31 (Elamipretide) is available from our research-use partner, Aurevena Research. Applying code research15 takes 15% off. We may earn a commission when you purchase through this link, at no extra cost to you. Products are for laboratory research use only.

Buy SS-31 (Elamipretide) at Aurevena Research
Research-use supplier: SS-31 (Elamipretide) is available from our research-use vendor for laboratory use. Code research15 for 15% off, applied automatically at checkout. We may earn a commission when you purchase through this link, at no extra cost to you. Products are for laboratory research use only.
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Citations (PMID)

39940712 · 34572131

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Educational information for laboratory and research use only. Not medical advice, a recommendation, or a claim of safety or efficacy; no personal dosing. “Unstudied” means no qualifying study was found, not that a compound is safe or unsafe.