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Weight & Metabolicapproved

Linaclotide

Linzess
Weight & Metabolic
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Category
Weight & Metabolic
Evidence grade
A
PubMed records
467
Female-tagged
106
Sex-analysis
2
CAS
—
A
Evidence grade A, Approved indication with 106 indexed studies that included female subjects. How grades work →
Female evidence: Extrapolated
Linaclotide: of 467 PubMed records, 106 are tagged as including female subjects and 2 carry a sex-analysis tag.Counts reflect PubMed records as of 2026-07-21. “Female” uses the Female MeSH filter and “sex-analysis” the Sex Factors MeSH filter, automated proxies pending manual study-level review. Methodology →

Overview

Linaclotide is a synthetic peptide agonist at the guanylate cyclase-C receptor, part of a class of compounds studied for their action on the intestinal epithelium. Its stability and receptor specificity have made it a well-defined research material in gastrointestinal work.

In research models, linaclotide has been studied for its association with intestinal secretion, motility, and gut-brain signaling through cyclic GMP pathways. Investigators examining gastrointestinal physiology have used it as a reference GC-C agonist alongside related peptides.

For a metabolic and gastrointestinal catalog, linaclotide is a useful entry for comparing receptor-specific gut-signaling mechanisms. Whether these mechanisms translate the same way across female physiology remains an open research question; our evidence review tracks how many of the underlying studies included women.

Summary

Linaclotide (Linzess/Constella) is an FDA-approved guanylate cyclase-C agonist for IBS with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation, conditions substantially more common in women. Trials enrolled predominantly women, but results were not formally analyzed by sex.

Evidence in women

Menstrual cycle
Unstudied
IBS symptoms often fluctuate across the cycle, but linaclotide response has not been formally analyzed by cycle phase.
Pregnancy & lactation
Unstudied
Systemic absorption is minimal, but there are no adequate pregnancy or lactation studies.
Hormonal interactions
Unstudied
No controlled data on interactions with reproductive or thyroid hormones.
Perimenopause & menopause
Unstudied
No perimenopause- or menopause-specific analyses.
Sex differences
Unstudied
IBS-C is more prevalent in women and trials enrolled predominantly women, but outcomes were not formally analyzed by sex.

Mechanism

A minimally absorbed peptide that activates guanylate cyclase-C in the gut, increasing intestinal fluid and reducing visceral pain signaling.

Reported dosing & routes

◐

We don't give dosing or medical advice. The figures below describe what was used in published research, not a recommendation. Decide with your clinician.

Reported range (literature)72–290 µg once daily by mouth depending on indication, per the approved label.
Routesoral
Female-specific dosingNot established

Contraindications: children under 2 (serious dehydration risk); known or suspected mechanical GI obstruction

Side effects

Reported in the research literature. Sex-specific incidence has not been separately analysed in the available records.

diarrheaabdominal painbloating

Linaclotide reconstitution calculator

Enter this vial's amount, the bacteriostatic water you add, and a target amount to get the concentration and the U-100 syringe units to draw. Handling arithmetic for research use, not a dose recommendation.

Reconstitution

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Draw for Linaclotide

5
units on a U-100 insulin syringe
020406080100
U-100 insulin syringe — 1 mL = 100 units
That's 0.05 mL drawn to the 5-unit mark.
Concentration5 mg/mL (5,000 mcg/mL)
Volume to draw0.05 mL
Doses per vial40

Reference chart at 5 mg/mL

Target amountVolume (mL)U-100 units
100 mcg0.02 mL2
250 mcg0.05 mL5
500 mcg0.1 mL10
750 mcg0.15 mL15
1000 mcg0.2 mL20

Research-use arithmetic only. This tool converts a vial amount, diluent volume, and a target amount into a concentration and syringe draw for laboratory handling. It is not dosing guidance, a recommendation, or a claim of safety or efficacy, and it does not account for overfill, dead space, or peptide purity. Nothing here is medical advice. “U-100” means 100 units = 1 mL; confirm your syringe graduation before measuring. See the reconstitution & storage handbook for handling detail.

Frequently asked questions

Answers drawn only from Linaclotide's research facts and, where reviewed, its sex-disaggregated evidence. Nothing here is medical advice, dosing, or a claim of safety or efficacy.

What is Linaclotide?

Linaclotide, also known as Linzess, is a research compound in our weight metabolic category. Linaclotide (Linzess/Constella) is an FDA-approved guanylate cyclase-C agonist for IBS with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation, conditions substantially more common in women.

Is Linaclotide studied in women?

Linaclotide: of 467 PubMed records, 106 are tagged as including female subjects and 2 carry a sex-analysis tag. We grade this extrapolated: women appear in the record, but no study is tagged for a sex-specific analysis, so female-relevant conclusions are inferred from mixed or male data rather than measured in women. See our methodology.

Has Linaclotide been studied during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

Unstudied. Systemic absorption is minimal, but there are no adequate pregnancy or lactation studies. This is not a safety clearance or a recommendation. Vera, our research chat, deliberately hard-stops on pregnancy, breastfeeding, and trying-to-conceive questions rather than answer them.

What evidence grade does Linaclotide have, and why?

Linaclotide carries evidence grade A. Approved indication with 106 indexed studies that included female subjects.. Grades are derived from the research record, never hand-assigned; see how grades work.

Is there a female-specific dose for Linaclotide?

No. A female-specific dose for Linaclotide is not established, and this site does not provide dosing or medical advice. Any figures we show describe what published research used, not a recommendation. Decide anything about use with a qualified clinician.

How is Linaclotide administered in research?

In the published literature, Linaclotide is administered via oral. Reported dose ranges on the Dosing tab describe what studies used for laboratory research, not a protocol for people. We don't provide dosing.

What side effects have been reported for Linaclotide?

Effects reported in the research literature include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating. Sex-specific incidence has not been separately analysed in the available records, so these are not broken out for women.

How should Linaclotide be stored and handled?

Linaclotide sold for research is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. Lyophilized peptides are generally kept cold and dry, at roughly -20°C for longer-term storage and 2-8°C short-term, protected from light. Once reconstituted they are typically refrigerated and used within a short window, avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles. This is general laboratory handling for research use only, not a directive for human use. Always follow the handling and purity details on the product's Certificate of Analysis.

Where can I buy Linaclotide for research?

Linaclotide is not currently listed by our research-use partner, Aurevena Research, but their catalog carries related compounds. Code research15 applies 15% off. We may earn a commission when you purchase through this link, at no extra cost to you. Products are for laboratory research use only.

Browse the Aurevena catalog
Research-use supplier: Linaclotide isn't currently listed by our research-use vendor. Their catalog carries related compounds. Code research15 for 15% off, applied automatically at checkout. We may earn a commission when you purchase through this link, at no extra cost to you. Products are for laboratory research use only.
Browse the catalog →

Citations (PMID)

34238582 · 37211380

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Educational information for laboratory and research use only. Not medical advice, a recommendation, or a claim of safety or efficacy; no personal dosing. “Unstudied” means no qualifying study was found, not that a compound is safe or unsafe.